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Current Opinion in Cell Biology Apr 2022The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery evolved early in evolution to sculpt and cut cellular membranes. Consisting of three subcomplexes... (Review)
Review
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery evolved early in evolution to sculpt and cut cellular membranes. Consisting of three subcomplexes termed ESCRT-I, -II and -III, this machinery is recruited to various cellular locations to perform key steps in essential processes such as protein degradation, cell division, and membrane sealing. Here we review recent discoveries that have shed light on biophysical and molecular mechanisms of ESCRTs in endolysosomal protein degradation and nuclear envelope sealing, and we discuss how dysfunctional ESCRTs can lead to diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
Topics: Biological Transport; Biophysics; Cell Movement; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport; Protein Transport
PubMed: 35248976
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.01.007 -
The New Phytologist 2009In addition to light, water and CO(2), plants require a number of mineral nutrients, in particular the macronutrients nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium... (Review)
Review
In addition to light, water and CO(2), plants require a number of mineral nutrients, in particular the macronutrients nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and potassium. After uptake from the soil by the root system they are either immediately assimilated into organic compounds or distributed within the plant for usage in different tissues. A good understanding of how the transport of macronutrients into and between plant cells is adjusted to different environmental conditions is essential to achieve an increase of nutrient usage efficiency and nutritional value in crops. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of macronutrient transport, taking both a physiological and a mechanistic approach. We first describe how nutrient transport is linked to environmental and internal cues such as nutrient, carbon and water availability via hormonal, metabolic and physical signals. We then present information on the molecular mechanisms for regulation of transport proteins, including voltage gating, auto-inhibition, interaction with other proteins, oligomerization and trafficking. Combining of evidence for different nutrients, signals and regulatory levels creates an opportunity for making new connections within a large body of data, and thus contributes to an integrative understanding of nutrient transport.
Topics: Biological Transport; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Inorganic Chemicals; Membrane Transport Proteins; Plant Roots; Plants; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
PubMed: 19076716
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02666.x -
Folia Neuropathologica 2013The endothelial vacuolar and vesicular transports in traumatic human brain oedema have been reviewed and compared with experimental brain oedema in order to establish... (Review)
Review
The endothelial vacuolar and vesicular transports in traumatic human brain oedema have been reviewed and compared with experimental brain oedema in order to establish their role in both oedema formation and oedema resolution. Normal or "non-activated" and "activated" capillaries are found. The activated capillaries showed predominantly an enhanced abluminally orientated vesicular transport by means of small, medium and large uncoated and clathrin coated vesicles, as well as the presence of endothelial tubular structures. Activation of the endothelial nuclear zone is featured by the increased amount of micropinocytotic vesicles. Vesicles internalizing to the hypertrophic Golgi complex, lysosomes and multivesicular bodies are observed. The protein vacuolar transport is predominant in most cortical capillaries. A wide spectrum of endothelial cell mechanisms is observed increasing the vesicular and vacuolar transport, such as deep invaginations of the luminal surface, large coated vesicles, tubular structures, and transient and incomplete transendothelial channels formed either by chained plasmalemmal vesicles or elongated protein-containing vacuoles. Uncoated vesicles are seen surrounding lysosomes. Vesicular transport might be discriminated between abluminally orientated or transendothelial transport (oedema formation) and intraendothelial transport (oedema resolution) directed towards cell lysosomes to be degraded by lysosomal enzymes. The transendothelial passage via large vacuoles is mainly caused by macromolecular protein transport.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Brain Edema; Brain Injuries; Humans; Protein Transport; Vacuoles; Vesicular Transport Proteins
PubMed: 23821380
DOI: 10.5114/fn.2013.35951 -
Folia Biologica 2019Cellular cholesterol plays fundamental and diverse roles in many biological processes and affects the pathology of various diseases. Comprehensive and detailed... (Review)
Review
Cellular cholesterol plays fundamental and diverse roles in many biological processes and affects the pathology of various diseases. Comprehensive and detailed understanding of the cellular functions and characteristics of cholesterol requires visualization of its subcellular distribution, which can be achieved by fluorescence microscopy. Many attempts have been made to develop fluorescent cholesterol reporters, but so far, none of them seems to be ideal for studying all aspects of cholesterol management. To meet the requirements for the right probe remains a great challenge, and progress in this field continues. The main objective of this review is to not only present the current state of the art, but also critically evaluate the applicability of individual probes and for what purpose they can be used to obtain relevant data. Hence, the data obtained with different probes might provide complementary information to build an integrated picture about the cellular cholesterol.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Cholesterol; Fluorescent Dyes; Humans
PubMed: 31171077
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the American Society of... May 2018
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Chlorides; Ion Transport; Malpighian Tubules; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29650535
DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2018030318 -
Toxins Nov 2021Pathogenic bacteria interact with cells of their host via many factors. The surface components, i.e., adhesins, lipoproteins, LPS and glycoconjugates, are particularly... (Review)
Review
Pathogenic bacteria interact with cells of their host via many factors. The surface components, i.e., adhesins, lipoproteins, LPS and glycoconjugates, are particularly important in the initial stages of colonization. They enable adhesion and multiplication, as well as the formation of biofilms. In contrast, virulence factors such as invasins and toxins act quickly to damage host cells, causing tissue destruction and, consequently, organ dysfunction. These proteins must be exported from the bacterium and delivered to the host cell in order to function effectively. Bacteria have developed a number of one- and two-step secretion systems to transport their proteins to target cells. Recently, several authors have postulated the existence of another transport system (sometimes called "secretion system type zero"), which utilizes extracellular structures, namely membrane vesicles (MVs). This review examines the role of MVs as transporters of virulence factors and the interaction of toxin-containing vesicles and other protein effectors with different human cell types. We focus on the unique ability of vesicles to cross the blood-brain barrier and deliver protein effectors from intestinal or oral bacteria to the central nervous system.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Toxins; Biological Transport; Extracellular Vesicles
PubMed: 34941684
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120845 -
PLoS Genetics Sep 2006Neurons are specialized cells with a complex architecture that includes elaborate dendritic branches and a long, narrow axon that extends from the cell body to the... (Review)
Review
Neurons are specialized cells with a complex architecture that includes elaborate dendritic branches and a long, narrow axon that extends from the cell body to the synaptic terminal. The organized transport of essential biological materials throughout the neuron is required to support its growth, function, and viability. In this review, we focus on insights that have emerged from the genetic analysis of long-distance axonal transport between the cell body and the synaptic terminal. We also discuss recent genetic evidence that supports the hypothesis that disruptions in axonal transport may cause or dramatically contribute to neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Animals; Axonal Transport; Biological Transport; Humans; Models, Biological; Molecular Motor Proteins; Mutation; Neurodegenerative Diseases
PubMed: 17009871
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020124 -
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Apr 2022Delivery of biologics via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has demonstrated potential to access the tissues of the central nervous system (CNS) by circumventing the blood-brain... (Review)
Review
Delivery of biologics via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has demonstrated potential to access the tissues of the central nervous system (CNS) by circumventing the blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier. Developing an effective CSF drug delivery strategy requires optimization of multiple parameters, including choice of CSF access point, delivery device technology, and delivery kinetics to achieve effective therapeutic concentrations in the target brain region, whereas also considering the biologic modality, mechanism of action, disease indication, and patient population. This review discusses key preclinical and clinical examples of CSF delivery for different biologic modalities (antibodies, nucleic acid-based therapeutics, and gene therapy) to the brain via CSF or CNS access routes (intracerebroventricular, intrathecal-cisterna magna, intrathecal-lumbar, intraparenchymal, and intranasal), including the use of novel device technologies. This review also discusses quantitative models of CSF flow that provide insight into the effect of fluid dynamics in CSF on drug delivery and CNS distribution. Such models can facilitate delivery device design and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic translation from preclinical species to humans in order to optimize CSF drug delivery to brain regions of interest.
Topics: Biological Products; Biological Transport; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Central Nervous System; Humans
PubMed: 35064573
DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2531 -
Current Opinion in Cell Biology Apr 2020Phosphoinositides (PPIns) are lipid signaling molecules that act as master regulators of cellular signaling. Recent studies have revealed novel roles of PPIns in myriad... (Review)
Review
Phosphoinositides (PPIns) are lipid signaling molecules that act as master regulators of cellular signaling. Recent studies have revealed novel roles of PPIns in myriad cellular processes and multiple human diseases mediated by misregulation of PPIn signaling. This review will present a timely summary of recent discoveries in PPIn biology, specifically their role in regulating unexpected signaling pathways, modification of signaling outcomes downstream of integral membrane proteins, and novel roles in lipid transport. This has revealed new roles of PPIns in regulating membrane trafficking, immunity, cell polarity, and response to extracellular signals. A specific focus will be on novel opportunities to target PPIn metabolism for treatment of human diseases, including cancer, pathogen infection, developmental disorders, and immune disorders.
Topics: Biological Transport; Humans; Phosphatidylinositols; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31972475
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.12.007 -
Plant Physiology Apr 2021Membranes are essential for cells and organelles to function. As membranes are impermeable to most polar and charged molecules, they provide electrochemical energy to...
Membranes are essential for cells and organelles to function. As membranes are impermeable to most polar and charged molecules, they provide electrochemical energy to transport molecules across and create compartmentalized microenvironments for specific enzymatic and cellular processes. Membranes are also responsible for guided transport of cargoes between organelles and during endo- and exocytosis. In addition, membranes play key roles in cell signaling by hosting receptors and signal transducers and as substrates and products of lipid second messengers. Anionic lipids and their specific interaction with target proteins play an essential role in these processes, which are facilitated by specific lipid-binding domains. Protein crystallography, lipid-binding studies, subcellular localization analyses, and computer modeling have greatly advanced our knowledge over the years of how these domains achieve precision binding and what their function is in signaling and membrane trafficking, as well as in plant development and stress acclimation.
Topics: Biological Transport, Active; Cell Membrane; Lipid Metabolism; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Protein Transport; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33793907
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa100